CONTENTS Introduction Objectives Purpose Approach African American Response The African Americans African Heritage Revisited African Origins of Early Humanity African Continent of Light The Peoples of Africa African River Systems and Historical Eras The Nile River The African Americans Forced Migration of Africans First African Immigrants Before the Mayflower Free African American Families in America Earliest Protests and Petitions for Freedom African American Resistance The Separation Tradition of African American Response Free African American in the Revolutionary Era African Americans and the Revolutionary Era African American Church in the Revolutionary Era African American Fraternal Organizations and the American Revolution African American Exodus to Africa Thomas Peters: Symbol of the Struggle for Freedom African American Resistance African American Resistance—Acommodation Tradition African American Resistance—Rebellion Tradition South Carolina Rebellion Against Slavery Civil War and Reconstruction Accomodation Approach to the Cyclical Pattern of African American Response African American Educators and Their Sacred Mission Dr. W.E.B. DuBois and the First Civil Rights Movement African American Inventors and Scientists Transformers of Industry African Americans and Urban America African America and the Urban Centers Migration Since World War II African American Cultural Movements—Paul Robeson and the Harlem Renaissance